What's it all about?
This text consolidates much of the traditional mineralogy and optical mineralogy and focuses on describing minerals within their geologic context. It presents the important traditional content of mineralogy including crystallography, chemical bonding, controls on mineral structure, mineral stability, and crystal growth to provide a foundation that enables students to understand the nature and occurrence of minerals. Physical, optical, and X-ray powder diffraction techniques of mineral study are described in detail, and common chemical analytical methods are outlined as well. Detailed descriptions of over 100 common minerals are provided, and the geologic context within which these minerals occur is emphasized. Appendices provide tables and diagrams to help students with mineral identification, using both physical and optical properties. Numerous line drawings, photographs, and photomicrographs help make complex concepts understandable.
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What's in it?
Brace yourself - this is a BIG list...
PART I: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY
· Introduction
· Minerals
· Mineraloids
· Mineralogy
· Mineral Names
· General References on Mineralogy
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Crystallography
· Introduction
· Translational Symmetry
· Plane Lattices
· Space Lattices and Unit Cell
· Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems
· Point Symmetry
· Reflection
· Rotation
· Inversion
· Compound Symmetry Operations
· Symmetry Notation
· 32 Point Groups
· Steno's Law
· Measurement of Crystal Angles
· Determining Crystal System and Crystal
· Class
· Space Groups
· Crystal Faces
· Laws of Hauy and Bravais
· Miller Indices
· Indices and Crystal Axes in the Hexagonal
· Crystal System
· Determining Miller Index
· Assigning Miller Indexes by Inspection
· Crystallographic Directions
· Zones
· Crystal Forms
· Isometric Forms
· Nonisometric Forms
· Combining Crystal Forms
· Enantiomorphous Forms and Crystals
· Positive and Negative Forms
· Forms in the Six Crystal Systems
· Triclinic Crystal System
· Monoclinic Crystal System
· Orthorhombic Crystal System
· Tetragonal Crystal System
· Hexagonal Crystal System
· Isometric Crystal System
· Crystal Habit
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Crystal Chemistry
· Introduction
· The Nature of Chemical Elements
· Nucleus
· Electrons
· Formation of Ions
· Abundance of the Elements
· Chemical Bonding
· Valence-Related Bonding
· Relation among the Valence-Dependent Bonds
· Bonds Not Involving Valence Electrons
· Size of Atoms and Ions
· Oxidation State
· Coordination
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Crystal Structure
· Introduction
· Controls of Crystal Structure
· Structure Controls with Metallic Bonding
· Structure Controls with Covalent Bonding
· Structure Controls with Molecular Crystals
· Structure Controls with Ionic Bonding
· Application of Pauling's Rules
· Illustrating Mineral Structures
· Isostructural Minerals
· Polymorphism
· Reconstructive Polymorphism
· Displacive Polymorphism
· Order-Disorder Polymorphism
· Polytypism
· Mineral Classification
· Compositional Variation in Minerals
· Substitutional Solid Solution
· Mineral Formulas
· Graphic Representation
· Binary Diagrams
· Ternary Diagrams
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Crystal Growth
· Introduction
· Mineral Stability
· Stability
· Gibbs Free Energy
· Mineral Reactions
· Mineral Nucleation
· Homogeneous Nucleation
· Heterogeneous Nucleation
· Crystal Growth
· Rate of Growth
· Zoned Crystals
· Structural Defects
· Point Defects
· Line Defects
· Planar Defects
· Twinning
· Postcrystallization Processes
· Ordering
· Twinning
· Recrystallization
· Exsolution
· Pseudomorphism
· Radioactivity and Minerals
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
PART II: MINERAL PROPERTIES, STUDY, AND IDENTIFICATION
· Physical Properties of Minerals
· Introduction
· Mass-Dependent Properties
· Density
· Specific Gravity
· Properties Related to Mechanical Cohesion
· Hardness
· Tenacity
· Cleavage
· Fracture
· Parting
· Color and Luster
· Light
· Perception of Color
· Mineral Luster
· Mineral Color
· Color from Mechanical Causes
· Consistency of Mineral Color
· Streak
· Luminescence
· Magnetism
· Diamagnetism
· Paramagnetism
· Ferromagnetism
· Ferrimagnetism
· Electrical Properties
· Electrical Conductivity
· Piezoelectricity
· Pyroelectricity
· Miscellaneous Properties
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Optical Mineralogy
· Introduction
· Light
· Light Waves
· Polarized Light
· Interaction of Light and Matter
· Optically Isotropic versus Anisotropic
· Materials
· Reflection and Refraction
· Dispersion
· Petrographic Microscope
· Illuminator
· Substage Assembly
· Microscope Stage
· Objective Lenses
· Upper Polarizer
· Bertrand Lens
· Oculars
· Focusing Mechanism
· Accessories
· Direction Conventions
· Isotropic Materials
· Anisotropic Minerals
· Interference Phenomena
· Use of the Interference Color Chart
· Extinction
· Function of Accessory Plates
· Optical Indicatrix
· Isotropic Indicatrix
· Uniaxial Indicatrix
· Biaxial Indicatrix
· Mineral Color and Pleochroism
· Isotropic Minerals
· Uniaxial Minerals
· Biaxial Minerals
· Extinction Angle and Sign of Elongation
· Extinction Angle
· Sign of Elongation
· Categories of Extinction
· Extinction in Uniaxial Minerals
· Extinction in Biaxial Minerals
· Interference Figures
· Uniaxial Interference Figures
· Biaxial Interference Figure
· Refractometry: Measurement of Index of Refraction
· Immersion Method
· Refractometry in Thin Section
· Isotropic Minerals
· Uniaxial Minerals
· Biaxial Minerals
· Reflected Light Optics
· Observation in Plane Polarized Light
· Observations with Crossed Polarizers
· Tactics for Mineral Identification
· Thin Section Identification
· Grain Mount Identification
· Polished Section Identification
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Introduction to X-Ray Crystallography
· Introduction
· X-Rays
· X-Ray Generation
· X-Ray Detection
· X-Ray Diffraction
· Powder Method
· Sample Preparation
· Instrumental Output
· Data Reduction
· Powder Diffraction File
· Bragg Reflection Indices
· Mineral Identification
· Mixed Samples
· Estimation of Relative Mineral Abundance
· Estimation of Composition
· Determining Unit Cell Parameters
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Chemical Analysis of Minerals
· Introduction
· Analytical Methods
· Wet Chemical
· Electron Probe Microanalysis
· X-Ray Fluorescence
· Mass Spectrometry
· Conventions in Reporting Chemical Analyses
· Conversion of Chemical Analyses to Structural Formulas
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Strategies for Study
· Introduction
· Mineral Identification Tactics
· Mineral Separation
· Hand Sample Identification
· Thin Section Identification
· Grain Mount Identification
· Polished Section Identification
· X-Ray Diffraction
· Mineral Association
· Problems in Paradise
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
PART III: MINERAL DESCRIPTIONS
· Silicates
· Introduction
· Silicate Structure and Classification
· Mafic versus Felsic
· Igneous Rocks
· Magmatic Processes
· Igneous Environments
· Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks
· Sedimentary Processes
· Sedimentary Environments
· Metamorphic Rocks
· Metamorphic Variables
· Metamorphic Processes
· Metamorphic Grade, Facies, Mineral Zone
· Boundaries and Isograds
· Major Compositional Groups of Metamorphic Rocks
· Metamorphic Environments
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Framework Silicates
· Introduction
· Silica Group
· Quartz
· Tridymite
· Cristobalite
· Opal
· Feldspar Group
· Composition
· Structure
· Al/Si Order/Disorder
· Exsolution in the Feldspars
· Other Feldspar Intergrowths
· Twinning
· Plagioclase
· K-Feldspar
· Feldspathoids
· Nepheline
· Leucite
· Sodalite
· Zeolite Group
· Scapolite
· References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading
· Sheet Silicates
· Introduction
· Structure and Classification
· Layer Silicates
· Layer Silicates
· Polytypism
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